Real judgements, distilled
Court judgements broken down into the case type, how the decision played out, and the lesson worth remembering, with the full judgement available as a PDF.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1094
An older qualification must still satisfy the eligibility rules governing the appointment sought. Here, the certificate's early date did not secure reinstatement, and rejection of eligibility should not be confused with a conclusive finding that the certificate was forged.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1095
A party benefiting from a conditional stay must meet its deposit requirement or face enforcement. The additional ₹15 crore deposit secures the pending dispute; it does not settle the land's final compensation or amount to an immediate payment to the landowners.
Criminal Appeal · 2026 INSC 1093
An alleged attempt to kill does not become a lesser offence simply because the victim avoided a fatal injury. Restoring this charge means the accusation must be tried; it does not establish that the accused is guilty.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1090
For the assessment in this case, assistance reducing ordinary manufacturing costs was taxable even though the government wanted to encourage industry. The purpose and actual operation of the particular subsidy mattered more than its general development label.
Criminal Appeal · 2026 INSC 1091
Proof that someone caused a serious injury does not by itself prove the additional ingredients of robbery. A court can substitute a lesser offence supported by the evidence; the sentencing reduction here depended on Appa's particular circumstances.
Special Leave Petition (Civil) · 2026 INSC 1092
Someone challenging an election must ensure that the personal-presentation requirement is met and can be proved. Merely entering the court building does not establish compliance, and a filing defect can end the challenge before the election allegations are examined.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1088
An employee who retires on 30 June may be entitled to the increment that falls due on 1 July after completing a year of service. Authorities that delay paying the amounts due must pay interest after the deadline set by the court.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1089
Recruitment must follow the qualifications stated in the advertisement and the governing Recruitment Rules. A court will not override a merit-based eligibility decision made under those rules merely because the candidate concerned was higher in the written test.
Writ Petition (Criminal) · 2026:DHC:8797
A person who occupied property only because of employment has no independent right to remain once the employment and decree end. Even when a petition fails, courts can make practical arrangements to let a person recover personal belongings.
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Log in to see moreThe respondent had an outstanding payment claim against the appellant company before the West Bengal MSME Facilitation Council, and arbitration on that claim began in mid-2017. Around the same time, insolvency proceedings were initiated against the appellant, triggering a moratorium that paused the arbitration. A resolution plan was later approved by the NCLT in April 2018, which settled all claims of the operational creditors (including, in effect, the respondent's) at nil value. Once the moratorium lifted, the Facilitation Council resumed the arbitration (which the appellant did not contest) and passed an award in July 2018 directing payment of over Rs. 1.59 crore. The appellant did not challenge that award directly but resisted it at the execution stage; the executing court and later the High Court both held the award was still enforceable.
The Supreme Court held that once an insolvency resolution plan is approved under Section 31 of the IBC, every claim not included in that plan stands permanently extinguished, and no one may continue any proceeding on such a claim: this "clean slate" principle had already been established in the Court's earlier Essar Steel judgment. Since the respondent's claim was not part of the approved plan, the Facilitation Council lost jurisdiction to arbitrate on it once the plan was approved, making the resulting award void for want of jurisdiction. The Court also held that a judgment debtor can raise this kind of jurisdictional objection at the execution stage under Section 47 of the Civil Procedure Code even without having separately challenged the award earlier. The award and the execution proceedings were both quashed.
Once a company's insolvency resolution plan is approved, any creditor claim left out of it is wiped out for good. It cannot be revived through a separate arbitration or enforced later, no matter how that arbitration was proceeding when the insolvency process began.
