Real judgements, distilled
Court judgements broken down into the case type, how the decision played out, and the lesson worth remembering, with the full judgement available as a PDF.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1094
An older qualification must still satisfy the eligibility rules governing the appointment sought. Here, the certificate's early date did not secure reinstatement, and rejection of eligibility should not be confused with a conclusive finding that the certificate was forged.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1095
A party benefiting from a conditional stay must meet its deposit requirement or face enforcement. The additional ₹15 crore deposit secures the pending dispute; it does not settle the land's final compensation or amount to an immediate payment to the landowners.
Criminal Appeal · 2026 INSC 1093
An alleged attempt to kill does not become a lesser offence simply because the victim avoided a fatal injury. Restoring this charge means the accusation must be tried; it does not establish that the accused is guilty.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1090
For the assessment in this case, assistance reducing ordinary manufacturing costs was taxable even though the government wanted to encourage industry. The purpose and actual operation of the particular subsidy mattered more than its general development label.
Criminal Appeal · 2026 INSC 1091
Proof that someone caused a serious injury does not by itself prove the additional ingredients of robbery. A court can substitute a lesser offence supported by the evidence; the sentencing reduction here depended on Appa's particular circumstances.
Special Leave Petition (Civil) · 2026 INSC 1092
Someone challenging an election must ensure that the personal-presentation requirement is met and can be proved. Merely entering the court building does not establish compliance, and a filing defect can end the challenge before the election allegations are examined.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1088
An employee who retires on 30 June may be entitled to the increment that falls due on 1 July after completing a year of service. Authorities that delay paying the amounts due must pay interest after the deadline set by the court.
Civil Appeal · 2026 INSC 1089
Recruitment must follow the qualifications stated in the advertisement and the governing Recruitment Rules. A court will not override a merit-based eligibility decision made under those rules merely because the candidate concerned was higher in the written test.
Writ Petition (Criminal) · 2026:DHC:8797
A person who occupied property only because of employment has no independent right to remain once the employment and decree end. Even when a petition fails, courts can make practical arrangements to let a person recover personal belongings.
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Log in to see moreDewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL), a major housing finance company, went into insolvency after the RBI superseded its Board over financial irregularities. During the CIRP, the Committee of Creditors (CoC) approved a resolution plan submitted by Piramal Capital and Housing Finance Limited, and the NCLT approved it. On appeal, the NCLAT modified the plan, ruling that Piramal (the Successful Resolution Applicant) could not appropriate recoveries from "avoidance applications" (claims against fraudulent or preferential pre-insolvency transactions) and sent that part back to the CoC. Multiple parties (Piramal, a creditor bank, 63 Moons Technologies (a fixed-deposit/NCD holder), DHFL's former directors, and various employee provident fund trusts) filed cross-appeals to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court set aside the NCLAT's modification and restored the NCLT's original approval of the resolution plan. It held that the commercial wisdom of the CoC in approving a resolution plan is largely beyond judicial second-guessing, and the NCLAT had overstepped by rewriting commercial terms of an approved plan. On the specific dispute, the Court clarified that recoveries from avoidance applications under Sections 43, 45 and 50 of the IBC (preferential/undervalued transactions) must go to the CoC, while recoveries under Section 66 (fraudulent trading/wrongful trading) go to the Successful Resolution Applicant, since these are legally distinct categories. Appeals by the former directors (who had vacated office on RBI's supersession and were in custody) and by various employee funds were dismissed for lack of merit.
Once a resolution plan under the IBC is approved by the Committee of Creditors and the NCLT, appellate tribunals have very limited power to alter its commercial terms; and money recovered from different types of "avoidance" claims (fraudulent transactions versus preferential/undervalued ones) is legally earmarked for different beneficiaries under the Code.
