LegalAware
LegalAware.ai
EMPOWERING LEGAL AWARENESS

Ravishankar @ Baba Vishwakarma v. State of Madhya Pradesh

Criminal Appeal · 2019 INSC 1116Decided 3 Oct 2019
Criminal Appeal Nos. 1523-1524 of 2019
Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman · Justice R. Subhash Reddy · Justice Surya Kant

Background

A 13-year-old girl was kidnapped, raped, and killed by throttling, and her body was thrown into a dry well. The trial court convicted the appellant and sentenced him to death under Section 376-A IPC (rape resulting in death), treating it as a "rarest of rare" case; the Madhya Pradesh High Court confirmed both the conviction and the death sentence. The matter reached the Supreme Court, which had earlier indicated it was not inclined to disturb the conviction but was considering the question of whether the sentence should be reduced from death to life imprisonment.

Decision Breakdown

The Supreme Court upheld the conviction, holding that circumstantial evidence, including last-seen testimony and related proof, formed a complete chain establishing guilt, and clarified that Section 376-A IPC does not require proof of intent to kill, only that death occurred contemporaneously with the act of rape. However, on sentencing, the Court identified several "residual doubts" in the evidence (inconsistencies in witness testimony, spoiled viscera samples, absent DNA confirmation, and an absconding alternate suspect) that, while not enough to create reasonable doubt for acquittal, counselled caution in imposing an irreversible death sentence. Applying the "special category" sentencing doctrine from earlier Supreme Court precedent, the Court held the case fell short of the "rarest of rare" threshold warranting death, and commuted the sentence to life imprisonment without any possibility of remission.

Lesson Learnt

Even where guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt, courts apply a markedly higher standard of certainty, free from any "residual doubt", before confirming the death penalty specifically, given its irreversible nature; this can result in life imprisonment without remission as a middle path between death and ordinary parole-eligible life sentences.

Official source (sci.gov.in)View Judgment (PDF)

More rulings in Criminal Law

Criminal LawSupreme Court of India

Charming Rupon v. State of Meghalaya

The Supreme Court acquitted the accused, finding the prosecution's case riddled with serious doubt. Both the victim and her cousin (a key witness) admitted in cross-examination that they could not identify the accused and that his name had been supplied to them by the victim's mother, raising a strong suspicion of tutoring, especially since the victim admitted she had been coached by the public prosecutor before testifying. The mother's own conduct (not reacting urgently despite being told of the assault, and material facts missing from the belated FIR) was found "unnatural." A crucial witness, the school teacher whose disclosure triggered the FIR, was never examined, without explanation, warranting an adverse inference against the prosecution. The Court also noted that two medical witnesses were never meaningfully cross-examined because the defence counsel was absent on the relevant dates, and that the trial court had wrongly brushed aside credible alibi evidence led by the accused.

Decided 9 Oct 2026Read case
Criminal LawSupreme Court of India

Ramkrushna Prahllad Dongardive v. The State of Maharashtra

The Supreme Court restored the trial court's acquittal. It found that the prosecution never produced the original cashbooks, daily registers, or audit reports that would have actually proven the appellant was entrusted with and misappropriated the money: the investigating officer himself admitted these documents were never shown to him despite being asked for. The department also failed to produce records the appellant had specifically sought in his own defence. Separately, the search and seizure of documents from the appellant's house was legally doubtful, since both independent witnesses to the seizure turned hostile and denied knowing its contents, and the mandatory procedural safeguards for such a seizure were not followed. The Court also flagged that the High Court convicted the appellant for the very first time on appeal without ever hearing him on the question of sentence, which the law required it to do.

Decided 8 Oct 2026Read case
Criminal LawDelhi High Court

Gurpreet Singh vs. State (NCT of Delhi)

The Court accepted that the order recalling the proclaimed offender status be placed on record. Noting that the complainant was untraceable and the prosecution itself raised no serious objection to anticipatory bail, the Court found no reason to deny the applicant liberty. It granted anticipatory bail, directing release on a personal bond of Rs. 20,000 with one surety in the event of arrest.

Decided 7 Oct 2026Read case
Criminal LawDelhi High Court

Mukesh Rani vs. Narcotics Control Bureau

The Court noted the investigation was complete, the chargesheet was filed, the co-accused had already been granted bail, and the combined quantity recovered (1.976 kg) still fell short of the "commercial quantity" threshold under the NDPS Act. With ten witnesses yet to be examined and no indication the trial would conclude quickly, the Court found continued detention unnecessary and granted regular bail on a personal bond of Rs. 50,000 with standard conditions.

Decided 7 Oct 2026Read case
Criminal LawDelhi High Court

Aakash vs. State Govt. of NCT of Delhi and Anr.

The Court noted that all prosecution witnesses, including the complainant and the guest house manager, had already been examined, and that a co-accused in the same FIR had already been granted bail. Given the complainant's own testimony about voluntary association with the petitioner and the completed trial evidence, the Court found the overall facts favoured bail. It granted regular bail on a personal bond of Rs. 50,000 with standard conditions (reporting to police weekly, not influencing witnesses, providing address/mobile details).

Decided 7 Oct 2026Read case
Criminal LawDelhi High Court

Kundan Kumar vs. State NCT of Delhi & Anr.

The Court relied on earlier Delhi High Court rulings holding that whether a broken promise of marriage was "false" from the outset (criminal) or a mere "breach" (not criminal) is a question for trial, not something requiring custodial interrogation. Noting the investigation was complete and the applicant had no prior criminal record, the Court granted regular bail on a personal bond of Rs. 25,000 with conditions, clarifying the order was not an opinion on the merits.

Decided 7 Oct 2026Read case